Prices do more than reflect value; they allocate resources:
<ul>
<li>High demand + limited supply: Prices rise to ration goods.</li>
<li>Perceived unfairness: Consumers may see this as exploitation.</li>
<li>Efficiency vs. equity: Balancing fair distribution with effective allocation is complex.</li>
</ul>
Economics often weighs the tension between outcomes we see and unintended effects we don't.

The seen and the unseen

Economists sometimes ask, 'Who feeds Paris?'—a rhetorical way of drawing attention to the mind-numbing array of things happening every moment of every day to make a modern economy work.

People respond to incentives, although not necessarily in ways that are predictable and manifest.

The real cost of something is what you must give up in order to get it, which is almost always more than just cash.

Leisure counts for nothing. If you spend a glorious day walking in the park with your grandmother, you are not contributing to GDP.

Productivity is what makes us rich. Specialization is what makes us productive. Trade allows us to specialize.

The market coordinates complex activities without central planning:
<ul>
<li>Self-interest drives supply: Bakers bake because they profit, not from altruism.</li>
<li>Decentralized decisions: Millions act independently, yet create organized outcomes.</li>
<li>Price signals: Prices guide resources to where they're most valued.</li>
</ul>
This spontaneous order explains how cities function smoothly without top-down control.

Who feeds Paris?

Incentives shape behavior, but poorly designed ones backfire:<ul><li>Monetary fines can reframe norms: Turning moral duties into paid options.</li><li>Unintended consequences: New incentives may encourage the opposite behavior.</li><li>Design matters: Effective incentives align desired outcomes with personal interests.</li></ul>Understanding incentives is crucial for policy and business decisions.

The power of incentives

GDP has limitations as a well-being metric:<ul><li>Excludes non-market activities: Household work isn't counted.</li><li>Ignores income distribution: Doesn't reflect economic inequality.</li><li>Neglects externalities: Fails to subtract environmental degradation.</li></ul>While useful, GDP doesn't capture the full picture of a nation's health or happiness.

GDP isn't everything

Investing in people fuels economic prosperity:
<ul>
<li>Education enhances productivity: Skilled workers produce more value.</li>
<li>Adaptability: Knowledge economies pivot with technological changes.</li>
<li>Long-term growth: Human capital investments yield sustained benefits.</li>
</ul>
Neglecting education can trap nations in cycles of poverty and underdevelopment.

Human capital drives economies

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